Table 1 Base-case cost-effectiveness and cost-utility results of different screening strategies in urban and rural settings

					Cost-utility			Cost-effectiveness
	Comparison screening interval for ICER calculation
	Comparison screening interval for ICER calculation	Costs per person, $	QALYs per person	Incremental costs per 100,000 people screened, $	Incremental QALYs per 100,000 people screened	ICURs (95% CI), $	Years of blindness per person	Years of blindness avoided per 100,000 people screened	ICERs (95% CI), $
Urban
No screening	\	2236	14.31732	\	\	\	0.40993	\	\
Telescreening	No screening	2215	14.33164	−2,099,312	1433	Dominating	0.39921	1073	Dominating
AI screening	No screening	2197	14.33589	−3,806,182	1858	Dominating	0.39605	1389	Dominating
DH screening	No screening	2189	14.33654	−4,628,416	1923	Dominating	0.39556	1438	Dominating
	Telescreening	\	\	−2,529,104	490	Dominating	\	365	Dominating
	AI screening	\	\	−822,234	65	Dominating	\	49	Dominating
Rural
No screening	\	2913	13.65998	\	\	\	0.56266	\	\
Telescreening	No screening	2806	13.70500	−10,708,193	4503	Dominating	0.52060	4205	Dominating
AI screening	No screening	2750	13.71655	−16,372,083	5658	Dominating	0.50991	5275	Dominating
DH screening	No screening	2737	13.71855	−17,608,255	5857	Dominating	0.50804	5462	Dominating
	Telescreening	\	\	−6,900,061	1354	Dominating	\	1256	Dominating
	AI screening	\	\	−1,236,171	199	Dominating	\	187	Dominating

Costs are expressed in US dollars. Costs, QALYs, and years of blindness are defined as lifetime values per person. Incremental costs, incremental QALYs, ICURs, years of blindness avoided, and ICERs are defined as values per 100,000 people. The ICER thresholds of cost-effectiveness are $31,656 and $41,757 per QALY gained for rural and urban settings, respectively. The ICER thresholds of being highly cost-effective are $10,552 and $13,919 per QALY gained for rural and urban settings, respectively. Negative ICUR or ICER is defined as dominating. ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. QALYs quality-adjusted life-years, ICUR incremental cost-utility ratio, DH screening digital hierarchical screening.

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