Table 2 Cost-effectiveness of different screening intervals in rural and urban settings

				Urban				Rural
	Comparison screening interval for ICER calculation
		Costs per person, $	Years of blindness per person	Years of blindness avoided per 100,000 people screened	ICERs, $	Costs per person, $	Years of blindness per person	Years of blindness avoided per 100,000 people screened	ICERs, $
Telescreening
Once-off	\	2215	0.39921	\	\	2806	0.52060	\	\
Every 5 years	Once-off	2243	0.39761	160	17,598	2751	0.47131	4930	Dominating
Every 4 years	Every 5 years	2250	0.39701	60	11,497	2740	0.46076	1054	Dominating
Every 3 years	Every 4 years	2264	0.39597	104	14,277	2740	0.44544	1533	37
Every 2 years	Every 3 years	2292	0.39408	188	14,413	2752	0.42354	2190	556
Every year	Every 2 years	2375	0.39017	392	21,199	2866	0.39067	3286	3459
AI screening
Once-off	\	2197	0.39605	\	\	2750	0.50991	\	\
Every 5 years	Once-off	2214	0.39413	192	8360	2637	0.45274	5718	Dominating
Every 4 years	Every 5 years	2217	0.39346	66	5224	2613	0.44173	1101	Dominating
Every 3 years	Every 4 years	2226	0.39237	109	7798	2592	0.42640	1532	Dominating
Every 2 years	Every 3 years	2241	0.39051	186	8144	2567	0.40600	2041	Dominating
Every year	Every 2 years	2288	0.38713	338	14,015	2567	0.37881	2718	5
DH screening
Once-off	\	2189	0.39556	\	\	2737	0.50804	\	\
Every 5 years	Once-off	2193	0.39360	196	1666	2610	0.44977	5828	Dominating
Every 4 years	Every 5 years	2192	0.39293	66	Dominating	2583	0.43878	1099	Dominating
Every 3 years	Every 4 years	2194	0.39184	109	1405	2557	0.42360	1518	Dominating
Every 2 years	Every 3 years	2196	0.39002	183	986	2520	0.40361	1999	Dominating
Every year	Every 2 years	2203	0.38676	326	2262	2485	0.37742	2619	Dominating

Costs are expressed in US dollars. Costs and years of blindness are defined as lifetime values per person, whereas years of blindness avoided and ICERs are defined as values per 100,000 people. The ICER thresholds of cost-effectiveness are $31,656 and $41,757 per QALY gained for rural and urban settings, respectively. The ICER thresholds of being highly cost-effective are $10,552 and $13,919 per QALY gained for rural and urban settings, respectively. Negative ICURs and ICERs are defined as dominanting. ICER incremental cost-effectiveness rate. AI artificial intelligence. DH screening digital hierarchical screening.

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