Fig. 2: Characterization of MIMSCs.

a, b Photograph of MIMSCs containing 10,000 MSCs on a wafer scale glass substrate (a), and a flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate (b). c Microscope image of MIMSCs. d Photograph of organic solvent stained by Sudan II assembly on 10,000 square arrays on the patterned adhesive substrate. e Photographs of MIMSCs with various customizable geometry configurations (from left to right: square, rectangle, elliptic, circular, and triangle). f KOH electrolyte stained with phenolphthalein anchored on arrays of various shapes (from left to right: square, rectangle, elliptic, circular, and triangle). g Different solutions anchored on rectangles (from left to right: sulfuric acid stained by methylene blue, sodium sulfate stained by neutral red, EMImBF4 stained by Sudan II, dimethyl carbonate stained by methyl orange, and MXene solution). Scale bars in (a, b, d) are 1 cm, and in (c, e–g) are 500 μm.