Fig. 4: Estimation of AOA and AOS using a single FCF sensor.

a Schematic of the experimental setup for AOA and AOS predictions, where the FCF sensor is attached to a NACA 0016-MOD airfoil with a radius of 14 mm. b Training (grey) and testing (blue) points for different AOA and AOS from −20° to +20°. c Distribution of estimated results (red points) using signals of PV1–3 as inputs at 10 m·s⁻¹. d Comparison of the absolute errors of AOA and AOS of testing points with different inputs at 10 m·s⁻¹. e Distribution of estimated results using signals of PV1–3 as inputs at 30 m·s⁻¹. f Comparison of the absolute errors of AOA and AOS of testing points with different inputs at 30 m·s⁻¹. Box plots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box) and 5th and 95th percentile (whiskers) as well as mean (points). Number of samples n = 184.