Fig. 2: Construction of XHOF superlattices.
a, f, k Schematics of the on-surface synthesis, b, g, l STM images, c, h, m nc-AFM images, d, i, n zoom-in nc-AFM images with closer tips, and e, j, o DFT-relaxed structural models of the benzene/Br/Ag(111) superlattice (a–e), the M-C66/Br/Ag(111) superlattice (f–j), and the C66/Br/Au(111) superlattice (k–o). STM imaging conditions: b Vs = 100 mV, It = 200 pA; g Vs = −100 mV, It = 1 nA; l Vs = −800 mV, It = 10 pA. All nc-AFM images were acquired with a CO-functionalized tip, with tip heights Δz = −10 (c), −20 (d), 30 (h), −5 (i), −20 (m), and −30 pm (n), respectively, with respect to the setpoint condition Vs = −0.8 V, It =  10 pA on molecules. In d, i, and n, the Br‧‧‧H bonds and the positions of Br atoms highlighted by the red dashed lines and the red circles/arrows, with the raw images shown in Supplementary Fig. 2. In e, j, and o, the yellow and blue shadowing indicate confined sites for surface electrons that form corresponding kagome lattices, and the atoms are color-coded: gray or light cyan for Ag, dark for C, pink for H, red for bromine, and gold for Au. Scale bars: b, c 1 nm; d 0.5 nm; g, h 2 nm; i 1 nm; l, m 2 nm; n 1 nm.
