Fig. 2: Comparison of ECD in the apo and protonated states.

a Top view of the ECD shows gradual counter-clockwise rotation in the protonated states. All models were aligned with TMD. For clarity, only one subunit from each structure is colored as follows: GLICpH5.5 (green), GLICpH4.0-C1 (dodger blue), GLICpH4.0-C2 (salmon), and GLICpH4.0-O (deep pink). Other subunits from a representative structure are in gray. b A zoom-in view of the ECD from a single subunit is shown. Arrows indicate counter-clockwise movement. The green circle represents the central axis. c Overall comparison of GLIC in the apo and protonated states. Only one subunit is colored according to the individual structure and a diagonal subunit is in gray. Zoom-in views of various regions show the conformational changes in Loop F (d), β1-β2 loop (e), Loop C (f), and Loop A (g) from apo state to protonated states. Arrows indicate the key direction of conformational changes.