Fig. 3: Investigation on the reaction mechanism of CeAlOx/Ni/Ni-foam catalyst.

a The CO2-TPD profiles of Ni-base catalysts; b relationship between CO2 capture capacity and amount of oxygen vacancies on CeAlOx/Ni/Ni-foam and Al2O3/Ni/Ni-foam catalysts; c the correlation of the STY methanol and the amount of adsorbed CO2 at 50–400 °C; d, e DRIFTs results of t the Al2O3/Ni/Ni-foam catalyst and CeAlOx/Ni/Ni-foam catalyst in the stream of CO2/H2 mixture under 0.1 MPa respectively at 180 °C; f normalized intensities of the typical formate surface species as a function of reaction time (~1565 cm−1 for CeAlOx/Ni/Ni-foam; ~1572 cm−1 for Al2O3/Ni/Ni-foam).