Fig. 3: Illustrative process of VIPS-3DP for stainless-steel 316L parts.
From: Vapor-induced phase-separation-enabled versatile direct ink writing
a Printing sequence of Y-shaped tubular part using VIPS-3DP. A variety of printed structures after sintering: b Y-shaped tube, c tube with a varying cross section, d lattice structure with a varying diameter, e scaled-down hip implant, and f cylinder with hollow channels. g UTS results. Turbine-like part: h as-printed, i as-sintered, and j as-post-processed (sandblasted) and k–m detailed morphologies of printed part in the green, brown, and sintered body states. n Printed and sintered horn antenna and o its reflection coefficient S11 results. p Printed and sintered zig-zag tube with dyed water for leakage test. (Scale bars = 15 mm unless specified otherwise, and the error bar = ± sigma).
