Fig. 5: Metal-porogen composite for porous structure development.
From: Vapor-induced phase-separation-enabled versatile direct ink writing
a Schematic of VIPS-3DP of parts with multi-scale porosity, b post-printing solidification in bath and sintering, c printing schematic for functional gradient parts, and d printed porous gradient structure with detailed surface morphology for e top porous layer and f bottom dense layer (Red arrows: open pores located in outer filament region). g Porous 316L lattice scaffold, h inter-filament pores, and i intra-filament pores. j UTS as a function of intra-filament volumetric density. k–m Fluorescent images of cells on the surface of porous scaffolds after culturing for 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively (Green color indicates live cells, and red dashed boxes indicate inter-filament voids). SEM images of MC3T3-E1 cells after 4 days of culture n, o dense specimens, p, q porous specimens (Scale bars: 10 mm for (d, g), 2 mm for (e, f) (left), 500 μm for (e, f) (right), 1 mm for (h), 500 μm for (i), 1 mm for (k–m), 100 μm for (n), 50 μm for (o), and 30 μm for (p, q). Error bars = ± sigma).
