Fig. 2: EEC-derived NPF reduces food intake.

a Upper, expression pattern of tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > GFP in CNS and midgut. No GFP was observed in the CNS. Lower, schematic representation of the distribution of tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > GFP expressing EECs. 18 flies were examined. b Food intake of control and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > TNT flies. An impotent TNT (TNT-imp) was used as a control. c Food intake of control (attp empty) and tap^1.3-B-Gal4>TrpA1 flies at 18 °C or 30 °C. d tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > GFP⁺ cells were co-stained with NPF (red). 17 midguts were examined. e Emerging EECs were co-stained with NPF (green) in esg^P>scute^RNAi midguts after 10 days recovery. 17 midguts were examined. f, g NPF staining (green) in brains and midguts of control f and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF^RNAi g flies. 24 flies each were examined. h Food intake of control and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF^RNAi flies. i, j Feeding time i and food intake j of control and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF^RNAi flies measured using the MAFE assay. k Food consumption of control and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF^RNAi flies measured using the dye-based food intake measurement. l Ectopic NPF supplements were achieved by injecting 100 nM NPF into the thorax. m Food intake of control and tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF^RNAi flies after PBS and NPF injection. n Food intake of 3 d AE control and esg^P>scute^RNAi flies after PBS and NPF injection. o Food intake of heterozygous (NPF¹/+ and NPF^null/+) and homozygous NPF mutant (NPF¹ and NPF^null) flies after PBS and NPF injection. p, q CAFE assay p and dye-based food intake measurement q of heterozygous (NPF¹/+), homozygous NPF mutant (NPF¹) and EECs-specific NPF recovery under NPF mutant condition (tap^1.3-B-Gal4 > NPF, NPF¹) flies. Data are represented as mean ± SD. Significance was determined using two-sided unpaired t-test b, c, h, k, m–q. n, number of groups performed for quantification of food intake (5 flies in each group) b, c, h, m–p, number of flies i, j, or number of groups (20 flies in each group) performed for quantification of food consumption k, q. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Scale bars, 20 μm except where otherwise specified.