Fig. 5: Observation and characterization of STOV.
From: Observation of spatiotemporal optical vortices enabled by symmetry-breaking slanted nanograting
a Five representative fringe patterns at an interval time of ≈80 fs are recorded in the x-y plane corresponding to the STOV generated at position P1 in real space. The white dashed box denotes the boundaries of the sample. The forked pattern that indicates the presence of a phase singularity is highlighted by an orange dashed box. b Reconstructed intensity and phase distribution of the transmitted pulse in the spatiotemporal domain at different locations of z = −45 mm, 0 mm, and 45 mm, showing the evolution of STOV along the propagation direction. c Reconstructed intensity and phase distribution of the STOV formed at positions P2 and P3, proving the alignment-free nature of STOV generation.
