Fig. 4: Offsemble inactivation is enhanced during locomotion.

a Examples of the neuronal activity at the onset of ensemble activation when the mouse is still and running. Neurons are sorted based on their EPIs. b EPIs of onsemble (red), offsemble (blue), and nonparticipant (gray) neurons computed using the firing rate when the mouse was either still or running. c Locomotion traces for the example in a. Running periods where identified above 1 cm/s. d Corresponding fraction of simultaneously active onsemble (red) and offsemble (blue) neurons for the examples in a. e Fraction of active neurons during ensemble activity while the mice were still and running. Each datapoint represents the fraction of an individual mouse. Data were compiled from n = 11 mice that exhibited running speed >1 cm/s during visual stimulation. Two-sided Wilcoxon test was performed (p = 0.12). f EPI averages of onsemble (red) and offsemble (blue) neurons for each mouse across periods of stillness and locomotion. Each datapoint represents the average for an individual mouse (n = 11 mice exhibiting running periods). Two-sided Wilcoxon tests were performed. Onsemble EPIs remained similar during stillness and locomotion (p = 0.6), but Offsemble EPIs decreased during locomotion (p = 9 × 10^–4). The center of boxplots represents the median, the bounds of the boxes correspond to the first and third quartiles, and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum datapoint values. NS not significant; ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.