Fig. 5: Cytotoxicity and in vivo gelatinization studies.
From: X-ray-activated polymerization expanding the frontiers of deep-tissue hydrogel formation
a Cell viability data in mouse fibroblast L929 cells (n = 3). Data are presented as mean values +/- standard deviation (SD). LED is abbreviated from light-emitting diode. No significant difference was found between the control group and test groups. P-values for the group of 24 h (left to right): 1.000, 1.000,  0.953,  0.906, and 0.916; P-values for the group of 48 h (left to right):  0.976, 1.000, 1.000, 1.000, and 1.000; P-values for the group of 7 days (left to right): 0.995, 0.778, 0.995, 0.985, and 0.966; P-values for the group of 168 h + X-ray (left to right): 1.000, 1.000, 0.999, 0.983, and 0.999; P-values for LED group: 0.546. b Schematic diagram of the in vivo gelatinization process using X-ray irradiation to the back area (Tube current: 100 mA; Tube voltage: 50 kV; Exposure time: 50 m Sec; Energy: 5.0 mAs; Field of view (FOV): 8.0 cm ×10.0 cm; Height: 1.0 m). c Photographic image of the rat in negative control group before dissection. d Photographic image of the rat in positive control group before dissection. e Photographic image of the rat in test group before dissection. f Photographic image of the rat in negative control group after dissection. g Photographic image of the rat in positive control group after dissection. h Photographic image of the rat in test control group after dissection. i Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E)-stained skin tissues from rat in negative control group, scale bar: 500 μm. j H&E-stained skin tissues from rat in positive control group, scale bar: 500 μm. k H&E-stained skin tissues from rat in test group, scale bar: 500 μm (Each experiment in i–k was repeated for 3 times independently with similar results). l X-ray film of living rats after injection of halloysite nanotubes-based X-ray-activated visible persistent luminescent emitting phosphors (HNTs@YF3:Tb3+) suspension, scale bar: 1 cm. m Rheological property of the as-formed hydrogel. The inset picture is from the photographic image of rat in test control group after dissection.
