Fig. 6: Sodium ion diffusion visualization.

a Schematic diagram of the rearrangement of Na ions facilitated by ET. b Schematic diagram showing the view of an in-situ transmission electron microscope (TEM). c Sequential in-situ TEM images of S@Mn₁-PNC cathode during the initial discharge process. d Sequential in-situ TEM images of S@Mn₁-PNC cathode during the initial charge process. e In-situ SAED patterns of S@Mn₁-PNC cathode during the initial discharge and charge processes.