Fig. 1: Spatial and temporal coverage of the 4252 vertical in situ profiles.

a Geographic location of Underwater Vision Profiler 5 profiles used in this study. Left and top histograms show the latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of profiles along 3° bins. b Seasonal distribution of sampling points according to latitude. Squares are colored proportionally to the sampling effort. Details about sampling are summarized in Supplementary Table 1. The map was created using the R software version 4.0.3 (ref. 63).