Fig. 7: AF1 peptide improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice.
From: An estrogen receptor α-derived peptide improves glucose homeostasis during obesity
a Body weight of db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide for 5 weeks, n = 5 (AF1 peptide) and 6 (control) mice/group. b Random feeding and 16 h fasting blood glucose in db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide for 5 weeks, n = 6 mice/group; fasting blood glucose, P = 0.0409; feeding blood glucose, P = 0.0317. c Glucose tolerance tests in db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide for 5 weeks, n = 6 mice/group; 0 min, P = 0.0409; 15 min, P = 0.0006; 30 min, P = 0.0032; 90 min, P = 0.0375; 120 min, P = 0.0104; AUC, P = 0.0042. d Insulin tolerance tests in db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide for 5 weeks, n = 6 mice/group; 30 min, P = 0.0328; 45 min, P = 0.0198, AUC, P = 0.0217. e H&E staining of livers from db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide. Scale: 200 µm. Liver fat content was calculated, n = 5 mice/group; P = 0.0013. Representative images were shown. f Liver insulin sensitivity in db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide, n = 5 mice/group; pIRS1-S302, P < 0.0001, IRS1, P = 0.0040, pAKT-S473, P = 0.0026, pAKT-T308, P = 0.0037. g Phosphorylation of AKT in epididymal fat and skeleton muscle from db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide, n = 4 mice/group; for fat, pAKT-S473, P = 0.0257, pAKT-T308, P = 0.0491, for muscle, pAKT-S473, P = 0.0069, pAKT-T308, P = 0.0450. h Volcano plots of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in livers from db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide. Genes upregulated or downregulated by more than 1.3-fold are shown in red and blue, respectively. i KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs in livers from db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide. j Heatmap of representative DEGs in livers from db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide. k Liver triglyceride, serum triglyceride, AST, cholesterol, LDL, and NEFA levels in db/db mice treated with control and AF1 peptide, n = 4 (serum LDL of CNTR group), 5 (liver triglyceride and serum cholesterol of CNTR group as well as serum LDL and NEFA of AF1 peptide group), and 6 (serum triglyceride and AST of CNTR and AF1 peptide group, liver triglyceride and serum cholesterol of AF1 peptide group, and serum NEFAof CNTR group); serum AST, P = 0.0487, serum cholesterol, P = 0.0234, serum LDL, P = 0.0037, serum NEFA, P = 0.0411. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, unpaired Two-tailed Student’s t test. CNTR: Control. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
