Fig. 6: The MS4A1 ligands, 2,3-DMP and 2,5-DMP, activate MS4A1-expressing cells in vivo.

A Example image of the main olfactory epithelia of mice exposed to the indicated odorant, immunostained for the neuronal activity marker, phospho-S6 (pSerine244/247) (green). Ms4a1 is detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (magenta), see experimental procedures. B Quantification of the average pS6 signal/MS4A1-expressing cell above the average pS6 signal/ MS4A1-expressing when no odor is introduced (water) in wild-type mice when exposed to the indicated odors. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 34 cells over three independent experiments (EUG), n = 50 cells over three independent experiments (CS₂), n = 77 cells over three independent experiments (2,5-DMP), n = 66 cells over three independent experiments (2,3-DMP). The number of independent experiments (mice) is indicated in brackets, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, Dunnett’s test following Brown–Forsythe and Welch ANOVA tests compared to eugenol exposure. C Example images of 2,5-DMP stimulated wildtype (left panels) or Ms4a1 knockout (right panels) A20 cells, a BALB/c mouse B cell lymphoma cell line, immunostained for the activity marker phospho-S6 (pSerine240/244) (green). D Quantification of the normalized pS6 signal in response to 2,5-DMP in wildtype and Ms4a1 knockout A20 cells. Data are presented as mean ± SEM from six independent experiments. **p < 0.01, two-tailed t-test with Welch’s correction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.