Fig. 3: Electrocatalytic activity and stability.

a LSV curves of FeCrOx, CoCrOx, NiCrOx, CoOx and RuO2 catalysts in 1 M KOH at the scan rate of 5 mV s−1. b The current density of different catalysts recorded at 400 mV. c Tafel plots. d Nyquist plots acquired at 1.57 V (vs RHE) in half cell. Inserts in panels d show equivalent circuit of the OER. e Differences in current densities plotted against scan rates to determine the ECSA. f I–V curves of AEMWEs the prepared catalysts as anodes. g Nyquist plots of AEMWEs applying 1 A direct current (DC) and 100 mA root mean square (RMS) of alternating current (AC). h Chronopotentiometry curve of CoCrOx catalyst at constant current density of 0.5 A cm–2 in the AEMWEs at 60 °C. Positions indicated by the black arrows represent that the replacement of electrolyte.