Fig. 2: Blind and sighted individuals successfully navigated the clock space.

A, C Accuracy of the two groups in the Nav-Math (A) and the Clock Navigation (C) experiments. Successful trials were counted as those in which participants correctly responded to the control question (Left/Right or Greater/Smaller). No difference in performance was detected between the two groups in the Clock-Navigation experiment (Two-sample t-test; n = 38, p = 0.052, two-tailed), nor between groups and tasks in the Nav-Math experiment (Repeated-measure ANOVA; n = 38, p = 0.24, two-tailed). B, D Reaction Times (RTs) of the two groups (sighted controls in blue and early blind individuals in red). In the Nav-Math experiment, participants were asked to give a response as quickly as possible. No differences were found between groups and tasks (Linear Mixed-Effect Model; n = 38, p = 0.61, two-tailed). In the Clock-Navigation experiment, all participants answered before the time limit (gray dotted line), with no difference between groups (Linear Mixed-Effect Model; n = 38, p = 0.11, two-tailed). Boxes indicate the interquartile Range (IQR, data points included between the first quartile, 25th percentile, and the third quartile, 75th percentile), the horizontal black line indicates the median (50th percentile), and the whiskers the distance between the first and third quartile to highest and the lowest value in the sample. The distribution of the data is represented by a density curve beside each box. Significance levels are defined as follow: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.