Fig. 2: The responses of aboveground biomass and species richness to organic fertilization across environmental gradients.

a, e Brown circles and error bars represent average parameter estimates (standardized regression coefficients) and the 95% confidence intervals in the linear mixed effects models (two–sided), respectively. The numbers in parentheses show the sample sizes. b–d, f–h The solid line in each panel shows model fit using partial regression for each environmental factor, and the shading around the fitted line represents the 95% confidence intervals (i.e., error bands represent slopes ± 95% confidence intervals). Equations in b–d and f–h show the values of standardized regression coefficients. The slopes of the partial regressions are the same as the fixed effects shown in Fig. 2a, e. Complete model statistical results are presented in Supplementary Table 9. Keys: MAT mean annual temperature, Org organic fertilizer amount added, TN soil total nitrogen, N nitrogen fertilizer rate, P phosphorus fertilizer rate, SBD soil bulk density, SCEC soil cation exchange capacity, SWC soil water content. The p values are calculated from two-tailed tests. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.