Fig. 1: Human-machine interaction by eye-tracking using smart contact lens (SCL).

a Schematic illustration of eye-machine interaction like screen handling when appreciating Vincent van Gogh’s famous artwork The Starry Night and robot control by eye tracking and eye command emission using SCL. Adapted under terms of the CC-BY license. Copyright 2024, Canino3d, Sketchfab, Inc⁶⁷. b Photograph of SCL. c Schematic illustration of materials and structures of SCL. d Long-term hydrophilia test of SCL. Data are presented as mean with standard deviation of n  =  5 independent samples. e Photographs of SCL under normal, compression, and stretching status. f Long-term cytotoxicity test of SCL using human corneal cell lines. Data are presented as mean with standard deviation of n  =  6 independent cells. g Fluorescence images of HCE-T incubated in different extracts. h Quantified accumulation of proteins on the bare commercial contact lens (orange column) and the SCL (fuchsia column) after biperiodic protein accumulation and disinfection using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. p  =  0.0195 before vs. after first disinfecting the bare commercial contact lens, n  =  3; p  =  0.00191 before vs. after first disinfecting the SCL, n  =  3; p  =  0.0167 after first disinfecting the bare commercial contact lens vs. the SCL, n  =  3; p  =  0.0288 before vs. after second disinfecting the bare commercial contact lens, n  =  3; p  =  0.000276 before vs. after second disinfecting the SCL, n  =  3; p  =  0.0000159 after second disinfecting the bare commercial contact lens vs. the SCL, n  =  3. Data are presented as mean with standard deviation of n  =  3 independent samples. Significant difference was set at ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05.