Fig. 4: Assessment of the actuating performance of PMA-I.
From: Highly efficient in crystallo energy transduction of light to work
a–c Schematic diagram of the setup used to assess the actuation performance of blocky crystals that tend to disintegrate. d Schematic diagram of the experiment used to assess the actuation performance of acicular crystals. e–h Optical micrographs of an acicular crystal that actuates a steel ball. i Materials property plot that compares the force density and work density of PMA-I to other main actuator classes. The broken red line indicates the two sets of data obtained from crystals of PMA-I with different habit.
