Fig. 7: Metabolite-mediated ammonia abnormality in AD.
From: Metabolic phenotyping reveals an emerging role of ammonia abnormality in Alzheimer’s disease
a Biological associations of elevated blood ammonia and metabolic features related to conjugated BA, glutamate, and BCAA. b Levels of blood ammonia in four clinical stages. The sample number for CN, SCD, MCI, and AD are 329, 198, 230, and 303 respectively. The centre line denotes the median value (50th percentile), while the box contains the 25th to 75th percentiles of dataset. The whiskers mark the 5th and 95th percentiles, and values beyond these upper and lower bounds are considered outliers. c Associations (correlation coefficient r with 95% CI) between blood ammonia and cognition and metabolic features (n = 1060). Cognition scores and metabolic features with Spearman correlation p < 0.05 (two-sided) are listed. * represents p < 0.05 (two-sided) after adjusting age, sex, BMI, education year, and APOE-ε4. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
