Fig. 3: Extracellular activity of STPE-PMNSs in promoting Gln synthesis.

a Schematic representation of GS-like activity of STPE-PMNSs. b Comparison of GS-like activity between STPE-PMNSs and PMNSs at various reaction times. c Relative activity of STPE-PMNSs with or without ATP. d Dose-response of extracellular GS-like activity of STPE-PMNSs in the presence and absence of ATP, showing a linear relation in the low-concentration region (inset). Michaelis-Menten curves of Glu (e), NH4+ (f), and ATP (g). h Reusability of STPE-PMNSs in the presence and absence of ATP (****p < 0.0001). Effects of temperature (i) and pH (j) on the activity of STPE-PMNSs with and without ATP. Data points presented in (b–d) and (h–j) represent three (n = 3) independent experiments for each experimental group and are displayed as mean ± standard deviation. p values of (h) were determined by a two-sided t-test.