Fig. 1: LncDACH1 expression is downregulated during NIH and VSMC phenotypic switching.

a–c HE staining, morphometric analysis and qRT-PCR for LncDACH1 expression of preoperative veins (Scale bar, 2000 μm) in human AVF versus stenosis veins (Scale bar, 400 μm) after AVF surgery (n = 4 at each group). d, e Pre-AVF vein (n = 10) and 14-day post-AVF vein (n = 9) HE staining and morphometric analysis in mouse. Scale bar, 200 μm. f Venous tissues were obtained from the AVF mouse model at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks (n = 4 at each time point) and qRT- PCR was applied to detect the expression levels of LncDACH1 during NIH in the AVF mouse model. g The expression abundance of LncDACH1 in mouse tissues was measured by qRT- PCR (n = 4). h FISH was used to detect the distribution of LncDACH1 in VSMC. Scale bar, 5 μm. i mRNA levels of LncDACH1, GAPDH, U6, and Matal1 in VSMC cytoplasm and nuclear fractions were measured by qRT-PCR, respectively. j, l LncDACH1 expression levels in mouse VSMC (n = 5) and humans VSMC (n = 3) were measured by qRT-PCR after stimulation with different concentration gradients (0, 5, 10, and 20 ng/mL) of PDGF-BB for 48 h. k, m LncDACH1 expression levels in mouse VSMC (n = 5) and humans VSMC (n = 3) were measured by qRT-PCR after stimulation with the same concentration of PDGF-BB (10 ng/mL) at different times (24, 48, and 72 h) (n = 5). If not otherwise specified, VSMC induction using PDGF-BB in this study were induced with 10 ng/mL for 48 h. PDGF-BB (P), neointimal hyperplasia (NIH). The n numbers represent biologically independent samples. Data are presented as mean values ± SD (b, c, e, f, j–m). P-values were determined by two-sided nonparametric tests (b, c, e) and two-sided one-way ANOVA (f, j–i, m) by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.