Fig. 4: Volume change suppression capability of the TiN NT anode architecture.

a Schematic of the volume change measurement setup comprised of the laser displacement sensor and a pouch-type full cell. b-c Voltage profiles (b) and thickness changes (c) of various pouch-type full cells as a function of charging time (min). d-e Thickness changes (d) and capacity retentions (e) of various pouch-type full cells from their initial state as a function of cycle number. f Comparison of the galvanostatic cycling performance of the TiN NT|Pre_Li_Ag-C/LLZTO/Pre_Li_Ag-C|TiN NT and Cu|Pre_Li_Ag-C/LLZTO/Pre_Li_Ag-C|Cu symmetric cells at 25 °C at current densities of 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.6 mA cm−2.