Fig. 3: Chemical composition and components spatial distribution evolution of the Fe/Li2O electrodes.

a High-resolution XPS spectra of the Fe element in the Fe/Li2O electrode at different charge and discharge potentials. b–d HRTEM images of the commercial Fe3O4 in b (initial state), c (discharged to 0.01 V), and d (charged back to 3 V). e–g HRTEM images of the Fe/Li2O in e (initial state), f (discharged to 0.01 V), and g (charged back to 3 V). The scale bar is 5 nm. h Ln(Q)–V fitting curve and F(Q,E)–Q fitting curve of the Fe/Li2O electrode.