Fig. 1: Gradients in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition show a near-unique biodiversity signature of every single location on the planet.

Taxonomic composition is represented by a 3-axis non-metric dimensional scaling (NMDS) and phylogenetic beta-diversity is represented by the 3 first axes of a phylogenetic ordination (evoPCA). Both the taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations are computed on the global community matrix derived from the modeled distributions of n = 10,590 tree species sampled at a resolution of 100 km, resulting in n = 12,548 sites. The 3 axes of each ordination are mapped to red, green, and blue with minimum and maximum values corresponding to the 10th and 90th percentiles. a, c. Scatter plot of taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations in environmental space, a 2-dimensional space made up of the 2 first axes of a PCA of the environmental variables used for species distribution modeling: mean annual temperature (MAT), temperature seasonality (T season), annual precipitation (Annual P), precipitation seasonality (P season), growing season length (GSL), net primary productivity (NPP), silt content (Silt), coarse fragments (CF), and soil pH (pH). b, d. Map of taxonomic and phylogenetic ordinations in geographical space. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. The maps were created with QGIS¹¹⁰ and the gray base map corresponds to all areas for which model predictors were available.