Fig. 3: Simulation of trace elements and Pb isotopic compositions of studied melt inclusions.

The insets show the range of all melt inclusions. Pb isotope characteristics of olivine-hosted melt inclusions compared with modeling results (a). Locations of EM I and FOZO are from ref. ⁹⁵. Fields for Pacific Ocean-type mantle, Indian Ocean-type mantle, EM I OIB, EM II OIB, and HIMU are from the GEOROC database (http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc). Basaltic whole-rocks fields of NSP, CIP, MT (16–22°N), and AVP (except for Iwo Jima and Kita-Iwo Jima) are compiled from literatures^{4,10,15,19,35,36,37}. The fields of Iwo Jima and Kita-Iwo Jima from southern Izu-Bonin arc with HIMU characteristics are from ref. ^10,12,17. The field of Magellan seamount with HIMU characteristics is from ref. ⁷¹. Error bars with the ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb data are 2 standard errors (2SE). Modeling calculations indicate that mixing DMM with subducted sediments (SED) and AOC, and then mixing with ~1.5% HIMU component could produce the Pb isotope compositions in NSP-24 group 2 melt inclusions. Modeling parameters can be found in the Supplementary Data 6. Primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams of trace element modeling results of NSP-24 calculated composite mantle component (b). The DMM is mixed with a bulk slab component comprising a mixture of 70% subducted sediment and 30% AOC, and then mixed with 1.5% HIMU lava to yield a composite component. This composite source is assumed to be contained in garnet-lherzolite consisting of 60% olivine, 20% orthopyroxene, 10% clinopyroxene, and 10% garnet⁹⁶. About 1–3% partial melting of this composite component can produce trace element compositions that are similar to those of NSP-24 group 2 melt inclusions. The calculations use partition coefficients for silicate/basaltic melt from the GERM-KdD database (https://kdd.earthref.org/KdD/).