Fig. 4: LIPU/MB-based BBB opening enhances the efficacy of liposomal DOX in murine GBM models.

a Therapeutic scheme employed to treat GL261-bearing mice with liposomal DOX with LIPU/MB. b Kaplan-Meier curves showing survival of GBM-bearing mice treated with liposomal DOX with and without LIPU/MB (n = 7 mice per group) as well as the tumor rechallenge experiment performed in long-term survivors (control n = 7 mice, DOX n = 2 mice, DOX + LIPU/MB n = 5 mice). P values by log-rank test. c, d Percentage of CD4⁺ (c) and CD8⁺ (d) T cells in long-term survivors and control groups. e, f Percentage of CD4⁺ (e) and CD8⁺ (f) T cells expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α in the brain of long-term survivor mice after tumor re-challenge in the contralateral brain hemisphere. n = 5 mice for the control group, n = 2 mice for the DOX group, n = 3 mice for the DOX + LIPU/MB group. Dots represent biologically independent mice from 1 experiment. g Representative flow cytometry plots of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ IFN-γ⁺ TNF-α⁺ cells in different treatment groups. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (c–f). P values by one way-ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in c–f.