Fig. 4: Factors derived from the integration of the gut microbiome and plasma metabolome.

a The cumulative proportion of total variance explained (R²) and proportion of total variance explained by eight individual latent factors for each omic layer. b Spearman correlation matrix of the eight latent factors and clinical anthropometric and dietary covariates. Each circle represents a separate association, with the size indicating the significance (-log10 (p-values)) and the color representing the effect size (hue) with its direction (red: positive; blue: negative). All correlations are calculated using two-sided tests. Asterisks within a circle denote significance after adjustment with the Benjamini–Hochberg method. c Scatter plot of Factors 1 and 6, with each dot representing a sample colored by intervention. Box and whisker plots illustrate significant differences between groups after adjusting for multiple testing using the Benjamini–Hochberg method (Wilcoxon rank-sum test; top = Factor 1, p.adj = 3.2e-04; right = Factor 6, p.adj = 0.007). The plots show boxes ranging from the first to the third quartile and the median at the center, with whiskers extending to the minimum and maximum values. d Factor 1 and 6 loadings of genera and metabolites with the largest weights annotated. Symbols: *p.adj < 0.10, **p.adj < 0.01, ***p.adj < 0.001, ****p.adj < 1.0e-04. For all panels, IF-P: n = 20, CR: n = 19. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.