Fig. 7: Enhanced DNA damage and ICD induction.

a Representative images of DAPI and PicoGreen co-stained CT26 cell nuclei after various treatments, scale bar = 20 μm. The white arrows indicated damaged DNA fragments. This experiment was repeated twice independently with similar results. b, c Quantification of relative fluorescent intensity of cytoplasmic DNA by PicoGreen staining at 6 h (b) and 24 h (c) post X-ray irradiation, respectively (n = 3 experimental repeats). d Western blot of IRF3, p-IRF3, STING, p-STING, and β-actin as an internal reference. This experiment was repeated twice independently with similar results. e Detection of secreted IFN-β by ELISA kit (n = 3 experimental repeats). f Immunofluorescence of CT26 cells stained with anti-CRT antibody, scale bar = 20 μm. This experiment was repeated twice independently with similar results. g Quantification of relative CRT mean fluorescent intensity (n = 3 experimental repeats). h, i Detection of cytoplasmic HMGB1 (h) and ATP secretion (i) by ELISA kit and luciferin-based ATP assay kit (n = 3 experimental repeats). All data were shown as mean ± SD. Two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to calculate statistical differences between two groups, and one-way ANOVA analysis of variance was used for multiple groups. p values > 0.05 represented nonsignificance (N.S.) and p values < 0.05 represented statistically significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.