Fig. 5: Performance enhancement of AC-TENG by improving Coulombic efficiency.

a The structure of AC-TENG. b <i> AC-TENG w/o insulator, the gap of electrodes is 0.5 mm; <ii> AC-TENG w/o insulator, the gap of electrodes is 3.0 mm; <iii> AC-TENG w/o insulator, the gap of electrodes is 1 mm, and the width of insulator is 3.0 mm. c The output charge of AC-TENG. d The output power of AC-TENG. e The ideal CMEO’s curve of AC-TENG. f The actual V-Q curve with SCD of σ1. g The Q-V curve of AC-TENG w/ and w/o insulator. h The Q-V curve of AC-TENG with double dielectric layers. i The represented average power density of AC-TENG with different optimization strategies. Source data are provided as a Source data file.