Table 2 Summary of forms of public engagement mentioned across focus groups and technologies

From: Public engagement for inclusive and sustainable governance of climate interventions

Form/Intensity

Methods & formats

Technological focus

Frequency across countries

Information

Leaflets, media, social media, education and training

All

High

Self- and community engagement

Volunteering, financial donations, changing farming practices, help planting trees, pro-environmental behavior changes

AF/RF, SOILS, CDR in general;

High

Community consultation

Townhall meetings; debates and deliberation

surveys and opinion polls

CDR in general, DACCS, BECCS, and MCB, but emphasis less pronounced

High

Indirect influence on decision-making

Electing political representatives

SAI and SRM in general

Medium

Direct action and protests

Demonstrations; joining social movements; campaigning

SRM in general, but emphasis less pronounced

Medium

Civil society associations

Supporting or joining NGOs, associations, advocacy groups

CDR in general, but emphasis less pronounced

Medium

Direct decision-making

Referenda, plebiscite, petitions

SAI

High

Ambivalence and powerlessness

–

SRM in general and SAI

High

  1. Low frequency = mentioned in 7 countries or less; medium frequency = mentioned in 8–14 countries; high frequency = mentioned in 15 countries or more; “SRM in general” and “CDR in general” are used where participants refer collectively to SRM or CDR, without specifying which particular method or technology they speak to. This coding category was used in addition to approach-specific codes.
  2. SRM solar radiation modification, CDR carbon dioxide removal, AF/RF afforestation,reforestation and restoration, SOILS soil carbon sequestration and biochar, DACCS direct air capture and carbon storage, BECCS bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, MCB marine cloud brightening, SAI stratospheric aerosol injection.
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