Fig. 1: Location of study plots.

Plots were located in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (the Kigezi Highlands, Uganda n = 5 plots), the Volcanoes National Park (Virunga Mountains in Rwanda-Uganda, n = 6 plots) and the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Tanzania, n = 6 plots). CTI community temperature index. Figure created using QGIS version 3.28.15. Elevation data from NASA (https://www.un-spider.org/links-and-resources/data-sources/digital-elevation-model-srtm-1-arc-second-30m-nasa-nga.) Country boundaries from ICPAC, accessed through https://open.africa/dataset/africa-shapefiles.