Fig. 3: Resource use per technology to meet storage demand - High demand scenario. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Resource use per technology to meet storage demand - High demand scenario.

From: On the potential of vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries to provide energy and material security

Fig. 3

Primary and recycled material used for the no (a, d and g, j), low (b, e and h, k), and medium V2G (c, f and i, l) scenarios when LFP chemistries are reused and the storage demand is high. V2G displaces the need for SLBs since it has priority in providing stationary storage. Material demand includes batteries for EVs and for stationary storage. Share installed reflects the share of potentially available capacity from V2G and SLBs that was installed in any given year. The recycled content is the share of recycled materials from battery scrap in new batteries. Due to their long lifetime, NSBs that are installed in early periods to meet the demand for stationary storage may still be present in the stock in later periods when V2G and SLBs would have enough potential to cover the full storage demand. The six top figures show the baseline EV penetration scenario, and the bottom half shows the accelerated EV penetration scenario.

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