Fig. 2: Design and characterization of Salmonella lysis-inducing nanocapsules.

a Design of the gene construct illustrating GSDMD overexpression and attachment to the exosome membrane surface. b Verification of GSDMD overexpression to evaluate transfection efficiency in the MEG01 cell line through PCR (n = 4 independent experiments). (exact P value: P = 2.75356E-06); ****P < 0.0001. c Western blot analysis showing GSDMD-N protein expression in MEG01 (GSDMD⁺) cells (n = 3 independent experiments). d The collected exosomes were confirmed to express exosome-specific proteins by Western blotting (n = 3 independent experiments). e Western blot results confirming GSDMD-N protein expression in exosome-derived (GSDMD-EXO) samples (n = 3 independent experiments). f Transmission electron microscopy reveals the SLIN morphology and particle size distribution (g) using dynamic light scattering (DLS). (n = 3 independent experiments). h Kinetic profile of L-arabinose release from SLINs in PBS, pH 7.4 (n = 3 independent experiments). i Particle size changes of SLINs loaded in a 10 nm dialysis bag and coincubated with 1 × 10^6 CFU SDVs for 7 days at 4 °C. (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. The statistical comparisons in b were performed with two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t tests, with asterisks indicating significant differences. c–f show representative images of the corresponding independent biological samples. The scale bar in f is 50 nm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.