Fig. 2: Quantitative nanoinjection of DNA plasmids into living cells.

A Schematic of the nanoinjection of GFP plasmids (pMaxGFP) into the nucleus and the transfection of the cell. B The transfection of a HeLa cell expressing the nuclear localised mCherry-NLS (HeLa RNuc) with pMaxGFP plasmid through quantitative nanoinjection. HeLa RNuc cells were cultured on a grided dish to enable identification of the cell after nanoinjection. pMaxGFP plasmids were quantitatively nanoinjected into the nucleus of the cell (arrow). Twenty-four hours later, the two daughter cells were imaged to confirm the expression of GFP from the injected pMaxGFP plasmids. C A snapshot of the current trace (20 s) recorded during the nanoinjection. Based on peak counting, a total of 132 pMaxGFP plasmids were nanoinjected into the HeLa RNuc cell. D The transfection of a DRG primary neuron with pMaxGFP plasmid through quantitative nanoinjection. Twenty-four hours later, the neuron was imaged to confirm the expression of GFP. E The current trace (20 s) was recorded during the nanoinjection step. A total of 41 pMaxGFP plasmids were delivered into the DRG neuron. The dotted line in C and D indicated the threshold for events search. The experiments were repeated three times, and the replicates can be found in the Supplementary Information. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.