Fig. 5: Physicochemical properties and corresponding solar vapor generation performance of the Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF and PVDF membranes.
A Schematic diagram of the preparation of the Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF membrane for solar vapor generation. B Solar spectral irradiance (gray, left-hand side axis) and absorption (black, right-hand side axis) and the optical pictures (inset of Fig. 5B. left: Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF membrane. right: PVDF membrane). C Raman images of Cu-Se bond at 260 cm−1 for PVDF membrane (top) and Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF membrane (down). D SEM image of the cross-section of Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF membrane. E Water evaporation induced mass loss curves. F Evaporation rate of membranes under 1 sun irradiation. G Comparison of the photothermal conversion efficiency and evaporation rate of Bio-Cu2-xSe@MR-1@PVDF membrane and the reported membranes from Supplementary Table 3-4. The data points represented in (E, F) represent three (n = 3) independent experiments for each experimental group and are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). p values of (F) were determined by a one-way analysis of variance. “****” represents p < 0.0001. Experiments of (D) were repeated three times with similar results. Source data and frequency inference statistics (the value of degrees of freedom, p, effect size statistic, 95% confidence intervals) are provided as a Source Data file.
