Fig. 2: Factors influencing circadian rhythms in the GPi.
A Scatter plot of the changes in spectral power between daytime and nighttime period (day–night), for each GPi hemisphere recording (n = 130), in relation to the center frequency of the recordings. A positive change indicates a decrease in power at nighttime and a negative change indicates an increase in power at nighttime. B Violin plot quantifying the changes in power during day and night for each canonical frequency band (mean and range); Alpha (≤12 Hz), low beta ( > 12 and ≤20 Hz), and high beta ( > 20 and ≤30 Hz). Low beta (pcorrected = 0.004) and high beta (p < 0.001) power was more decreased power at nighttime (indicated by positive values and *** below violins). At the same time, alpha power was not statistically different from 0 (pcorrected = 1.0), indicating that power was either increased or decreased at night. The high beta band was statistically different from the alpha band (pcorrected < 0.001) and low beta band (pcorrected = 0.003), and the low beta band was statistically different from the alpha band (p = 0.004) using post-hoc Tukey’s tests following a one-way ANOVA. C Scatter plot of circadian beta power ( > 12 and ≤30 Hz) in subjects treated with levodopa (L-Dopa) extended-release (ER) (purple) and those who do not take levodopa ER (orange). In subjects taking levodopa ER at nighttime, beta power was decreased more at night (pcorrected = 0.002) than in subjects who were not treated with levodopa ER. D Comparison of in-clinic off-medication off-stimulation awake baseline beta band power in subjects with increased and decreased power at nighttime (mean and standard error). There was a statistical difference between the two groups (pcorrected = 0.028; non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test). (*) denotes p < 0.05, (**) denotes p < 0.01, and (***) denotes p < 0.001. All p values were corrected for multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction. n number of recordings; Hz Hertz; L-Dopa ER levodopa extended-release, arbu arbitrary units. Source data is provided in the Source Data file.
