Fig. 4: Stimulation of nigrostriatal dopamine release in anesthetized mice.
From: An implantable piezoelectric ultrasound stimulator (ImPULS) for deep brain activation
a Schematic diagram of the experimental approach to stimulate substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons, including post-hoc histological validation of on-target implantation and DA2m sensor expression. Scale bar, 500 µm. Schematic created with BioRender.com, released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license. b Averaged DA2m fluorescence responses for control (top right) and SNc (bottom right) stimulation trials. Average heatmaps of fluorescence across trials for control (top left, 3 mice) and SNc (bottom left, 3 mice) stimulation trials. Solid line data represents mean data and bands represent ± SD. c, Full recording trace of Z-score DA2m fluorescence across stimulation trials, with onset and offset of stimulation (5 s,1500 Hz, 50% duty factor) indicated by solid and dashed red lines, respectively. d, Area under the curve (AUC) analysis for 5 s pre-stimulation versus 5 s during stimulation for average control and SNc stimulation trials (3 mice/group). Repeated-measures 2-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (***p = 0.0009, ****p < 0.0001).
