Table 2 HR (95% CI) for the post-acute respiratory sequelae or acute respiratory complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the propensity score-matched cohorts of South Korea (main) and Japan (replication)

From: Acute and post-acute respiratory complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection: population-based cohort study in South Korea and Japan

Cohort

South Korea

Japan

COVID-19 vs. general population (n = 2,312,748)

COVID-19 vs. general population (n = 3,115,606)

 

HR (95% CI)

 

HR (95% CI)

Events, n (%)

Model 1*

Model 2†

Events, n (%)

Model 3*

Model 4∥

Post-acute respiratory sequelae

 Comparators (general population or patients with influenza)

16,122 (0.84)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

35,300 (1.52)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 Patients with COVID-19

5292 (1.34)

1.64 (1.59-1.69)

1.68 (1.62-1.75)

41,074 (5.15)

3.50 (3.45-3.55)

3.32 (3.27-3.37)

Acute respiratory complications

 Comparators

331 (0.017)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1468 (0.06)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 Patients with COVID-19

618 (0.16)

9.70 (8.46-11.11)

8.06 (6.92-9.38)

2304 (0.29)

4.60 (4.31-4.91)

4.17 (3.90-4.45)

  1. CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
  2. Bold indicates that hazard ratio is statistically significant (P < 0.05).
  3. *Models 1 and 3: Adjusted for age (20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years) and sex.
  4. †Model 2: Adjusted for age (20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years); sex, household income (low income, middle income, and high income); region of residence (urban and rural); CCI score (0, 1, and ≥2); obesity (underweight [<18.5 kg/m2], normal [18.5–22.9 kg/m2]; overweight [23.0–24.9 kg/m2], obese [≥25.0 kg/m2], and unknown); blood pressure (systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, and unknown); fasting blood glucose (<100,  ≥ 100 mg/dL, and unknown); serum total cholesterol (<200, 200–239, ≥ 240 mg/dL, and unknown); glomerular filtration rate (<60, 60–89,  ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, and unknown); smoking status (never, former, current smoker, and unknown); alcoholic drinks (<1, 1–2, 3–4,  ≥ 5 days per week, and unknown); aerobic physical activity (sufficient, insufficient, and unknown); previous history of cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease; history of medication use for diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension; and strain of SARS-CoV-2 (original and delta).
  5. ∥Model 4: Adjusted for age (20–39, 40–59, and  ≥ 60 years); sex; insurance status (insured and dependent); CCI score (0, 1, and ≥2); body mass index (underweight [< 18.5 kg/m2], normal [18.5–22.9 kg/m2], overweight [23.0–24.9 kg/m2], obese [≥25.0 kg/m2], and unknown); blood pressure (systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure  < 90 mmHg, systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, and unknown); fasting blood glucose (<100, ≥100 mg/dL, and unknown); serum total cholesterol (<200, 200–239, ≥240 mg/dL, and unknown); glomerular filtration rate (<60, 60–89, ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2, and unknown); smoking status (non- and current smoker, and unknown); alcoholic drinks (rarely, sometimes, everyday, and unknown); aerobic physical activity (sufficient, insufficient, and unknown); previous history of cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease; history of medication use for diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension; and strain of SARS-CoV-2 (original and delta).
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