Fig. 3: Urban mobility patterns.
From: Unravelling the spatial directionality of urban mobility
a Hierarchical clustering of cities based on their anisotropy and centripetality of commuting flows. The dendrogram presents the hierarchical clustering of the n = 60 cities studied in the research, and the colours illustrate a three-cluster partitioning. The various colours correspond to different types of cities: Type 1 (strong monocentric, red, n = 36 cities), Type 2 (weak monocentric, blue, n = 13 cities) and Type 3 (polycentric, green, n = 11 cities). b Comparison of anisotropy across Type 1–3 cities. Two-sided t-tests were conducted with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Type 1/2: P = 9.43 × 10−13, Type 2/3: P = 0.003, Type 1/3: P = 7.96 × 10−7. c Same as in (b) but for centripetality. Type 1/2: P = 2.40 × 10−5, Type 2/3: P = 4.70 × 10−6, Type 1/3: P = 2.60 × 10−17. For the box plots in (b, c), the central mark indicates the median, and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; the whiskers extend to the most extreme data points within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the bottom or top of the box, and all more extreme points are plotted individually using a circular symbol. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
