Fig. 4: Thermal characteristics of microwave-transparent heaters.
From: Microwave-transparent metallic metamaterials for autonomous driving safety
a Temperature changes of the metamaterial-based (Meta III) and mesh-array-based (Mesh I) samples while the input voltages are varied from 0 to 3 V in increments of 0.5 V. b Temperature changes of the metamaterial-based (Meta III) sample while the input voltages are varied from 0 to 4.5 V in increments of 0.5 V. The samples were placed on a Peltier module set to a temperature of −20 °C. c Visible camera images of Meta III (top) and Mesh I (bottom) under an input voltage of 4.5 V during defrosting tests. Both samples were placed on a Peltier module set to sustain a temperature of −20 °C. Scale bar, 2.5 cm. d Sheet resistance and temperature coefficient values derived from previous studies. The star symbol represents our data. Details of the previous studies are described in Supplementary Table 4. (Inset) Magnified data within the highlighted area.
