Fig. 2: Atomic scale composition and structure analysis.

HAADF image (a) and the corresponding EDS maps (b–e) of 1.8 Ni/BWO sample. The atomic-resolution iDPC image is displayed in (f), where the enlarged region from the white box shows the vacancy of O ion (highlighted by red circles) and the substitution of W by Ni (g). The line profiles of O (h) and W (i) signals are extracted from the white boxes in (g).