Fig. 4: Modulation of dependencies in a V4 laminar network across attention conditions.

a Neural populations used for fitting laminar MTwDBN. Current source density analysis identified different layers (superficial, input, deep), and isolated single units were assigned to one of these layers (see Methods). b Top: Average MTwDBN-based modulation (green) of all unique dependencies between the laminar populations. Modulation of the same dependencies as estimated by logistic regression (brown). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Bottom: Visualization of modulation sign of unique dependencies at different lags. Combining the modulation sign of unique and total dependencies (see Top), PID framework-based estimated modulation sign of shared dependencies (using schema in Fig. 1g) is also shown for different lags. Thicker line along the time axis indicates the timescales of attentional modulation in prior studies^38,39. c Sign of average modulation of unique dependencies between layers (bi-directionally). I: input layer; S: superficial layer. d Sign of average modulation of shared dependencies within layers. e Sign of average modulation of unique dependencies within layers. f Summary of dependency modulation pattern. g Neural populations used for fitting laminar MTwDBN. Isolated single units were classified as broad- and narrow-spiking based on peak-to-trough duration in their average spike shape (see Methods). h Top: Average MTwDBN-based modulation (green) of all unique dependencies between the cell-type specific laminar populations. Modulation of the same dependencies as estimated by logistic regression (brown). Bottom: Visualization of modulation sign of unique dependencies and PID framework-based estimated modulation sign of shared dependencies is also shown for different lags. i Sign of average modulation of unique dependencies between layers. j Sign of average modulation of shared dependencies within layers for all, broad or narrow populations. M1, M2: subject-wise; broad, narrow: cell-class specific. k Sign of average modulation of unique dependencies within layers. l Summary of dependency modulation pattern. See Fig S3 for modulation indices in (c–e, i–k). Data points in (b, h) indicate mean, error bars indicate 95% confidence interval (n = 5000 bootstraps).