Fig. 5: Modulation of dependencies in a V4 laminar network across behavioral outcomes at perceptual threshold.

a Example session showing performance as a function of task difficulty. Gray box: threshold orientation change at which the animal was equally likely to correctly detect (hit) or fail to detect (miss) the change. Error bars indicate standard deviation (n = 20 jackknifes). b Laminar populations used for multi-lag analysis. c Modulation magnitude (top) and sign (bottom) of all unique (green) and total (brown) laminar dependencies in b across Hits and Misses at perceptual threshold. Estimated modulation sign of shared dependencies (bottom, see Fig. 1g). Data points indicate mean, error bars indicate 95% confidence interval (n = 5000 bootstraps). d Modulation sign of between layer (BL) and within layer (WL) dependencies. See Fig S4 for modulation indices. e Summary of laminar dependency modulation pattern. f Wideband (5–40 Hz) LFP signals (colored lines) overlaid on the raw LFP (0–200 Hz) signals (gray) in the input layer in a portion of an example session. The generalized phase (color-coded) depicts the dominant phase of the wideband LFP. Vertical ticks indicate single-unit spikes in the corresponding channel (see “Methods”). g Top: Target stimulus presentation probability as a function of the generalized phase of the LFP (adjusted for cortical delay), separated by HIT and MISS trials. Asterisk (*) indicates phases with significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two trial types (Ranked sum test, corrected for multiple comparisons). Bottom: Spike probability in the input layer as a function of generalized phase of the LFP, separately estimated for putative excitatory (broad) and putative inhibitory (narrow) units. For other layers, see Fig S5. Error bands indicate standard error of the mean.