Fig. 2: Breakdown of the 10-year total cost of ownership.

Results are presented for an average a passenger car, b light-duty truck, c medium-duty vehicle, and d heavy-duty vehicle in the contiguous United States. The vehicle types include electric vehicles (EVs) charged via Direct Current Fast Charging (DCFC-EV), Battery Swapping (BSS-EV), and Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT-EV). The EVs are compared to an average internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) from each vehicle category. 2022 United States Dollars (USD). The baseline scenarios are shown in this figure with all scenarios shown in the repository. Source data are provided as a Source data file.