Fig. 1: Global distribution of agricultural soil metagenomes and associated diversity of microbial communities and resistomes in organic fertilized (OF) and nonorganic fertilized (NOF) soils.

a Geographic location of globally collected soil metagenomes. Each point indicated one sampling location, with the point size reflecting the number of samples, and the point color indicating the country. Hollow and solid dots represented NOF and OF samples, respectively. Twenty-six samples without latitude and longitude information were not shown. The bar charts indicate the sample numbers of the NOF and OF soils on each continent. b Microbial diversity was assessed by Shannon index (two-sided Wilcoxon test, ***p < 0.001) in NOF (n = 227) and OF (n = 284) soils. Robustness was measured as the proportion of taxa remaining after 50% random removal from each network (Supplementary Fig. 3). Each error bar corresponds to the standard deviation (SD) of 100 repetitions (n = 100) of the simulation and data were showed as mean + SD. Significant comparisons (two-sided t-test, t = 4.19, df = 198, ***p < 0.001) between NOF and OF were indicated. c Diversity (Richness) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), risk ARGs, and metal(loid) resistance genes (MRGs) in the NOF (n = 227) and OF (n = 284) samples (two-sided Wilcoxon test, ***p < 0.001). The boxes indicated the 25th to 75th percentiles (with the median as a horizontal line), and the whiskers represented the maximum and minimum values except for outliers. Each point was a sample in the box plot. In b, c orange and blue dots represented NOF and OF samples, respectively. Source data were provided as a Source Data file. ARG antibiotic resistance genes, MRG metal(loid) resistance gene.