Fig. 5: Li extraction performance and non-faradaic ion-exchange.
From: Identifying critical features of iron phosphate particle for lithium preference
a Li/(Li+Na) ratios after recovery of different electrodes from 1:1000 Li to Na solution using 70% accessible capacity and 0.1 C’ extraction rate. b, c Li/(Li+Na) ratios after recovery of electrodes used under different extraction rates from 1:1000 Li to Na solution (b) and 1:100 Li to Na solution (c) using 70% accessible capacity. d, Intercalation curves of Platelet-20 nm and Platelet-600 nm particles under different extraction rates. e Measured Na/(Na+Li) ratios of the electrodes after soaking in 1 mM LiCl and 1 M NaCl mixed solution for 7 h, using Li pre-intercalated particles. DOD_Li0.1’/0.35’/0.5’ denotes the seeding percentage based on the accessible capacity. f, g Measured Na/(Na+Li) ratios at different times of Platelet-20 nm and Cuboid-6000 nm particles after soaking in 1 mM LiCl and 1 M NaCl mixed solution, using DOD_Li0.1’/0.35’/0.5’ pre-intercalated particles. h In situ synchrotron XRD tracking of Platelet-20 nm pre-intercalated particles (DOD_Li0.50’) during ion-exchange in 1 mM LiCl and 1 M NaCl mixed solution. Mass loading for electrodes used in a–g is ~ 2.5 mg/cm2. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three replicate measurements.
